transition to 5G technology has unleashed a new era of high-speed, low-latency, and ultra-reliable connectivity. While much attention has been given to outdoor 5G coverage, an equally important and often more challenging component is the development of 5G indoor network infrastructure. A significant portion of mobile data usage—estimated at more than 80%—occurs inside buildings such as offices, malls, factories, campuses, hospitals, and homes. As a result, robust indoor connectivity is essential for realizing the full potential of 5G-enabled services, applications, and devices. 5G indoor network infrastructure is emerging as a fundamental building block in shaping smart environments where seamless communication supports productivity, innovation, and enhanced user experiences.
Indoor 5G systems aim to overcome the limitations of outdoor signals that weaken significantly when passing through walls, windows, and structures. Traditional macro cell networks often fail to deliver consistent indoor coverage, especially for high-frequency bands such as millimeter wave (mmWave), which provide…